{"id":6358,"date":"2025-10-31T18:00:40","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T18:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/?p=6358"},"modified":"2025-10-26T18:46:37","modified_gmt":"2025-10-26T18:46:37","slug":"%d9%85%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d9%8e%d8%b1%d9%92%d8%ba%d9%8f%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b8%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/?p=6358","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u063a\u064f\u0648\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 – \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0651\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i>\n\t\t\t \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u063a\u064f\u0648\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00a0<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong> \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0651\u064a<\/strong>*<\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0650\u062d\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0634\u064e\u0647\u0650\u062f\u064e\u062a \u0642\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0644” \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064e\u062a\u0651\u064e\u062e\u0650\u0630\u064f \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u064d \u062a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0630\u0650\u0641\u064f \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0650\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0637\u0650\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d\u00a0<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c\u00a0 \u0641\u0646.<\/p>\n

Gothic “Gargoyle” Sculptures Between Architectural Function and Religious Symbolism<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 By the 13th century, the peaks of Gothic cathedrals in Europe witnessed a remarkable transformation in the design of water drainage systems. Instead of the simple gutters previously used, stone sculptures emerged, taking the form of beasts, dragons, and mythical creatures spouting rainwater from their open mouths. These strange stone creatures were named “gargoyles.” These statues have always astonished onlookers due to their strange forms, anomalous features, and absurd gestures, making them a subject for numerous interpretations and analyses.<\/p>\n

In this context, our study addresses the aesthetic particularities of these sculptures by analyzing their most prominent examples. This study also analyzes the symbolic connotations these statues undertook in the medieval religious imagination, attempting as much as possible to cover their most important significances, relying on an analytical methodology with multiple sources combining history, art, literature, and myth.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong> Gargoyles, Gothic Cathedrals, History, Art<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u062c\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 “\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1144\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u062a\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642.<\/p>\n

1- \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0634\u064f\u0643\u0650\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u00a0\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u00a0:<\/p>\n