{"id":6482,"date":"2025-10-31T18:00:58","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T18:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/?p=6482"},"modified":"2025-10-27T20:20:29","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T20:20:29","slug":"6482","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/?p=6482","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 – \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0638\u0641\u0648\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 15 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: “\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a”\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a”\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631”\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646”\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631”. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 (1923\u20132007)\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a (1958): \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a.<\/li>\n
  2. \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 (1961): \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n
  3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (1962): \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n
  4. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 (1963): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n
  5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 (1964): \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n
  6. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 (1965): \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646.<\/li>\n
  7. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 (1968): \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/li>\n
  8. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1990): \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
  9. \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 (1993): \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n
  10. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 (1996): \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
  11. \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1996): \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
  12. \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 (1997): \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
  13. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (2000): \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n
  14. \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a (2003): \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n
  15. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646) (2004): \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627.<\/li>\n
    • \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0625\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647. \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

      \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • “\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646.” \u2014 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n
      • “\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.” \u2014 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

        \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629: \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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         <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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