{"id":7294,"date":"2025-12-31T18:00:53","date_gmt":"2025-12-31T18:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/?p=7294"},"modified":"2026-01-01T12:38:51","modified_gmt":"2026-01-01T12:38:51","slug":"7294","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/?p=7294","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627) (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644) &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 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href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0631\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062f 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\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0639\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0637\u064a <a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0642\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\"><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a 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\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u064e\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631\u064f \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 &#8220;\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\"><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0633&#8221; \u0636\u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\"><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648 \u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: &#8220;\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628&#8221; <a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\"><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645: &#8220;\u0627\u0650\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0630\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627&#8221;<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\"><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/a> \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\"><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a &#8220;\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651\u0646\u064e \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\"><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\"><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\"><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\"><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0633\u0645<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\"><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a (CNRS) \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\"><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0641<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\"><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\"><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/a>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 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name=\"_ftnref55\"><sup>[55]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn56\" name=\"_ftnref56\"><sup>[56]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn57\" name=\"_ftnref57\"><sup>[57]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn58\" name=\"_ftnref58\"><sup>[58]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642<a href=\"#_ftn59\" name=\"_ftnref59\"><sup>[59]<\/sup><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0631 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\u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c 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\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<a href=\"#_ftn61\" name=\"_ftnref61\"><sup>[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627: \u0640 \u0625\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645 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\u0648\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061f<a href=\"#_ftn62\" name=\"_ftnref62\"><sup>[62]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2019.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c1912\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 38.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>\u0625\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c1978\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 143.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u06391975\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 42.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u062996\/97.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06291940\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 20\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 1890\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 3.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f 1975 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 369\/472.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0645 (\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642): \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1978.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0639\u0629: \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f\/ \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629: \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1965.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0637\u064a (\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a): \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u06291903.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u00a0\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a: \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0642\u064a ( \u0638\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646): \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 1946.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646: \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1989.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u00a0P, Kraus\u00a0: Ibn Hayan, Essai sur l\u2019histoire des idees scientifiques dans l\u2019islame, vol, 1, Textes choisis, Paris-cair 1935\u00a0,p97.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646: \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0635 164.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u00a0\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646: \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 170.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u00a0\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f: \u0625\u0646\u0647&#8221; (\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646) \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646&#8221;: \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1961\u060c \u063590.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u00a0\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0635 365-366-367\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0639\u0629: \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0635 185 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0637\u064a: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0635 386-372.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c 1950\u063521.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 1948\u063535.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642: \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0635 30.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0633\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u063537.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> Al Kindi\u00a0: Cinq Epitres, Edit, du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, histoire des sciences et de la philosophie arabe, Paris 1976<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u06371.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u00a0\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u06371 1958\u060c \u063521.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> \u00a0\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a: &#8220;\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635 192 \u2013 197 \u2013 198.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> \u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621&#8221;\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1975.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> \u00a0\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u06371\u060c 1996.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u064a (\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 1986).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2001.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> \u0625\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 474.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c 19\/20\u060c<\/p>\n<p>2021 \u060c \u0635 227.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> \u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2011.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> \u00a0\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 \u2013 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1987\u060c \u0635 99.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646 1980\u060c \u0635 52.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1961.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1912\u060c \u0635:53-54.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u2013 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0637 1 1981\u060c \u0635 49 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">[42]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062f \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 &#8221; \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 1976\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0635 :79 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0635: 98.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">[43]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1985.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">[44]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 56.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 57.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> _ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 57.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\">[47]<\/a> _ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 57.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\">[48]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 57.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\">[49]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 57.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\">[50]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 59.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\">[51]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635: 57.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\">[52]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0637 3\u060c 1968\u060c \u0635:6.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\">[53]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1912\u060c\u0635:53.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\">[54]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635:8.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\">[55]<\/a> \u00a0_Steinshneider \u060cAl farabi, st petersbourg,1869,P38<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u062f\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0637 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 1980\u060c\u063522.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\">[57]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a 1880\u060c \u0635:501-503.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftn58\">[58]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a: \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1924\u060c \u0635:109.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftn59\">[59]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u062f- \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1945\u060c \u0635 :72.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftn60\">[60]<\/a> _ \u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635:72.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftn61\">[61]<\/a> _ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0637 3\u060c 1968\u060c \u0635:53.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftn62\">[62]<\/a> \u00a0_ \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8221; \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645&#8221; \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635: 53.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0646\u064a * 1- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a (870\u0645- 950\u0645) \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7296,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,116,109,61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-33","category-116","category-109","category-61"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7294","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7294"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7739,"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7294\/revisions\/7739"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/7296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7294"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/madaratealthakafia.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}